a (typically small) 'seed-like', one-seeded fruit which does not open to release the seed.

a heterogeneous group of chemicals with nitrogenous bases which occur naturally in plants. Many produce a strong physiological reaction when introduced into animals.

a substance which produces an abnormal (and repeatable) hypersensitivity (allergy) in some individuals.

not diametrically opposite but occurring singly at different heights; usually refers to an arrangement of leaves.

pollen-containing sac of stamen at the summit of the filament.

the growing point of a stem; the tip of a leaf.

paired appendages often at the base of leaf blades in grasses and at the base of some other leaves.

a bristle-like appendage (common in grasses).

the upper angle between the stem (or other axis) and any organ (usually a leaf) arising from the stem (adj. axillary).

a fleshy fruit with few to many seeds derived from a single pistil.

living for more than one but less than two (calendar) years.

twice pinnately divided (usually referring to leaves).

the expanded part (lamina) of a leaf or bract; particularly of a grass leaf.

a leaf-like structure or scale often surrounding flowers or inflorescences.

a storage organ, usually underground, consisting of a short stem and swollen leaf bases surrounded by dry leaf bases (as in onions) (adj. bulbous).

a small bulb.

the sepals collectively (outer whorl) of a flower; sepals may be combined into one structure.

a dense cluster (inflorescence) of flowers combined into a structure which often has the appearance of a single flower (common in the Asteraceae) (pl. capitula).

a dry fruit containing at least two seedbearing structures.

the combined unit of the female flower parts usually consisting of stigma, style and ovary.

usually referring to leaves in which the blade is divided into separate leaflets. Also used in relation to inflorescences which are composed of several units such as spikes.

a solid part of the stem, usually underground, surrounded by dry leaf bases.

the petals of a flower collectively.

an inflorescence which is a raceme, but has pedicels graded in length so that the flowers are in the same horizontal plane (adj. corymbose).

the first leaf or leaves of a plant emerging from a seed.

tissue at the junction of the root and stem.

a 'cultivated variety' within a species created artificially (by breeding) or selected for cultivation by humans which is given a vernacular name (cf. variety).

a branched inflorescence in which each flower is terminal to a shoot including tile main stem (adj. cymose).

(floret) a small flower, usually tubular in shape, borne on the central part of flower heads in the Asteraceae.

shaped like an ellipse.

refers to parts of aquatic plants growing above the water surface.

(of a leaf margin) smooth, without incisions or lobes.

the part of the stem of a seedling between the first leaves and the cotyledons.

from abroad.

a taxonomic group of related genera.

pistillate organs of a flower; or flowers which only contain (functionally) pistillate organs (style, stigma, ovary).

an individual flower, usually small, forming part of an inflorescence, as in the Poaceae and Asteraceae.

the sexual reproductive structure of higher plants.

the 'leaf' of a fern.

seed-bearing structure in higher plants developed from the ovary after fertilisation.

a taxonomic group of closely-related species (pl. genera).

without hairs (leaf).

a structure which secretes nectar, oil or other substances (adj. glandular).

a bract (usually in pairs) at the base of a grass spikelet or in an inflorescence in the Cyperaceae.

a plant without a woody stem, usually broad leaved (i.e. not grass) (adj. herbaceous).

a systematically-arranged collection of dried plant specimens for botanical reference and research.

a chemical product having deleterious effect upon plants.

offspring of parents of different species.

the stem of a seedling between the cotyledons and the roots.

a group of flowers arising from one main stem.

the part of a stem between two adjacent nodes.

a whorl or several whorls of bracts (phyllaries) surrounding a flower or inflorescence.

the expanded portion of a leaf (as in the blade of grass leaves).

lance-shaped; much longer than broad, widening above the base and tapering to the apex.

(veins) veins arising from a midvein or midrib.

a milky fluid in some plants.

unit of a compound leaf.

fruit pod of the family, Fabaceae (e.g. a wattle).

the lower (outer) of two bracts enclosing other floral parts in grasses.

membranous (or hairy) structure at the inner junction of the leaf sheath and blade of grasses (adj. ligulate).

long, narrow, straight , parallel-sided (especially most grass leaf blades).

with convex projections.

the central leaf vein which runs from the base to the apex. (Also applied to leaf-like structures.)

a species in a new locality (spread beyond its perceived original distribution), which produces new generations in the new locality without direct human intervention.

the portion ('joint') of a stem from which a leaf arises.

a one-seeded, hard, bony fruit.

a shape (usually referring to leaves) which is tapered to a point at both ends but broadens towards the apex.

an (approximately) right-angled, 4-sided shape; longer than broad with opposite sides (roughly) parallel; often rounded near the ends.

a roughly elliptical shape with the terminal half broader than the basal.

a visibly differentiated part of a plant which performs specific functions.

mating of not closely related individuals (opp. inbreeding).

the basal part of the female organ (carpel(s)) of a plant in which seeds develop.

an oval shape (like a longitudinal section through an egg shape; broader at the base than the apex).

egg-shaped (applied to 3-dimensional forms).

salt of oxalic acid (H2C201); common in plants. Soluble oxalates can be toxic to humans and animals.

the upper (inner) bract (with the lower, inner lemma) enclosing other floral parts of grasses.

lobed, divided or ribbed like the palm of a hand.

a branched inflorescence which is composed of racemes.

a tuft of hairs or bristles; often on the 'seeds' (achenes) of plants in the Asteraceae family.

an organism living in or deriving nourishment from another organism (adj. parasitic).

a stalk of a single flower, or grass spikelet (adj. pedicellate).

a stalk of an inflorescence or solitary flower (adj. pedunculate).

drooping, hanging downward.

living for more than two years.

the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals) collectively, especially when appearing similar or combined in one structure.

one unit of the inner bracts (corolla) in a flower; often showy.

the stalk of a leaf (adj. petiolate).

the stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf.

sensitivity of lightly pigmented skin to sunlight. Can be induced in animals by consumption of certain plant species.

the arrangement of leaflets (in a compound leaf) on opposite sides of a common axis (rhachis).

cut into lobes on both sides of the midrib to or almost to the midrib (referring to leaf laminas).

the female organs of a flower which may be a single carpel or group of carpels (adj. pistillate).

multiplication from parent stock.

lying along the ground.

a molecule with a joined double ring structure which contains one nitrogen and seven carbon atoms.

an inflorescence of flowers on pedicels whose growing point continues to add to the inflorescence so that the youngest flowers are nearest the apex.

(floret) outer strap-like ('petals') which occur in outer whorls of flower heads of the Asteraceae - also used for the branches of an (umbel) inflorescence in the Apiaceae.

turned abruptly backwards or downwards.

the axis within the spikelet of a grass or sedge.

the axis or axes of a compound leaf or inflorescence.

an underground stem (usually horizontal) (adj. rhizomatous).

a cluster of leaves radiating from a central crown, usually close to the ground.

one of the (usually green) segments in the outer whorl (of 2) of the leaf-like structures of a flower (the inner segments are the petals).

without a petiole, peduncle, pedicel or stalk, (i.e. directly attached -'sitting').

(usually referring to leaves) a long, tubular stem-clasping part.

a stem and its leaves.

(usually referring to leaves) not divided (into leaflets).

a taxonomic unit which is the largest group capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.

an inflorescence in the form of a raceme with sessile flowers on a simple elongated axis. The flowers may be congested or distant.

a small spike; the unit of a grass inflorescence usually composed of one or more florets sub tended by 2 glumes.

a hard sharp-pointed structure.

a (usually microscopic) unit of dispersal in the ferns (Pteridophytes); (in this sense equivalent to seeds in flowering plants).

(loosely) any support organ (e.g. stem, petiole, peduncle).

the male organ of a flower which produces pollen and usually consists of an anther and a filament (adj. staminate).

the main axis (or axes) of a plant usually bearing leaves.

part of the female organ of a flower adapted for reception and germination of pollen.

a horizontal stem which may take root at the nodes (adj. stoloniferous).

the (usually elongated) part of the female organ (carpel(s)) of a plant; situated above the ovary and bearing the stigma.

a taxonomic subdivision within a species; usually geographically isolated variants.

the science of the classification of organisms.

a slender elongated thread-like organ which may cling to objects for support.

borne at the end of (a stem etc.) (adj. terminally).

the shoot of a grass; usually arising basally and laterally and growing erect.

(strictly trifoliolate). Having three leaflets (as in clover leaves).

terminating abruptly as if cut off.

a swollen part (usually of an underground stem (rhizome) as in potato) (adj. tuberous).

a small swelling (adj. tuberculate).

an inflorescence in which all the pedicels arise at the tip of a peduncle and the flowers lie in approximately the same horizontal plane (adj. urnbelliferous).

distinct portions into which some organs break (e.g. fruits in Brassicaceae). - also used for inner perianth segments in the Polygonaceae.

marked with irregular patches of (usually) lighter colour; especially light patches on green leaves.

a taxonomic subdivision within a species which differs as a group in minor definable characteristics from the rest of the species, and is named according to the rules of botanical nomenclature (cf. cultivar-a variety produced artificially or selected by humans which is given a vernacular name).

discrete vascular tissue (bundles), especially in reference to leaves.

any plant growing where it is not wanted.

a ring of three or more similar appendages.